This series consists of correspondence from the British Foreign Office with the Hudson's Bay Company relating to the Company's activities in the Pacific northwest.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 1 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox (nee Hankin) begins this tape with a story about her uncle Charlie Hankin (partner of Billy Barker) and his promise to Josephine, the dance hall hostess at Barkerville, about her burial. A story is told about Isaac, a Babine Indian, who was awarded medals from the Humane Society and the Catholic Church. She talks about the background to the "Skeena River Rebellion" of the 18;80's. TRACK 2: This tape continues with the "Skeena River Rebellion", a childhood story about measles, Constance Cox's childhood at Hazelton, her family, the Manson Creek gold rush -- 1870, Indian women packers into Manson Creek, Cataline, Erza Evans and mining on Manson Creek.;

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 2 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox relates the following legends: the legend of the Sunbeam which is depicted on a Chilkat Blanket from Kitwanga and the adoption of the fireweed as the clan symbol at Kispiox; the; Frog legend depicted on a totem pole at Kitwancool and a Haida legend depicted on a totem pole about cruelty to animals. Indian foods and cooking methods are discussed. TRACK 2: Constance Cox continues with her discussion about Indian foods, collecting sap from evergreens, berries, wild vegetables, medicinal preparations, an incident while nursing for Dr. Wrinch at Hazelton concerning a women with cancer and another nursing story.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 3 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox relates a story about an Indian woman called "Emma". She continues with a story about Captain Fitzgerald (Gold Commissioner) who was taken prisoner at Kitseguecla (Skeena Crossing) and the subsequent trial (1871). She speaks about the first Reserve Commissioner Peter O'Reilly, the reaction to reserves in Kispiox, A.W. Vowell, the next Reserve Commissioner, and the Kitwancool Indians. TRACK 2: Constance Cox continues speaking about A.W. Vowell and the Reserve Commission at Kitwancool, the Kitwancool Indians, "Kitwancool Jim" and the Kitwancool totem pole histories. She speaks about the Collins and Yukon Telegraph lines, building the lines, the operators and linesmen and the visit of a "globe-trotting" woman -- Thea Francis (1920?).

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 4 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox relates her childhood memories of a canoe trip up the Skeena River (ca.1900). She speaks about Bishop Ridley, the Diocese of Caledonia, Metlakatla, Haida canoes, incidents along; the canoe journey, towing canoes upriver, dangers along the Skeena, villages, the "Mount Royal" paddlewheeler and Haida children learning canoe skills. TRACK 2: This tape begins with a description of a totem pole raising ceremony at Kitwancool, tragedies of the "Trail of '98", Rev. Harold Alfred Sheldon (c.1884), the Inverness Cannery and her father's business interests, Father Morice and his work with the Carrier Indians and the visit of the Catholic Bishop (Bishop Dontonwell?).

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0005 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 5 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: This tape provides a continuation of Constance Cox's recollection of the visit of the Catholic Bishop to the Carrier Indians at Babine, more details about Father Morice's work -- his book and; map, his relationship with the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort St. James, a description of the destruction of his printing press, Father Morice's penance and later years, incidents at Fort St. James and; the HBC factor at Fort Fraser, Mr. Sinclair. TRACK 2: Constance Cox continues with more recollections about Mr. Sinclair and his grave at Fort Fraser. She speaks about the destruction of Indian culture, the language of the Tsimshian, Gitksan and Carrier Indians, the white settlers who learned the native languages, her role as an interpreter, the Gitksan language, the "White Cross Society", native art, totem carving past and present, erection of a new totem pole and the legend of the Kispiox -- House of the Beaver.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0006 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 6 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: The legend of the Kispiox -- House of the Beaver is continued on this tape. Constance Cox provides additional information about the Gitksan language, her background in native languages, the Methodist missionary at Hazelton -- Mr. Matheson (1871), the Anglican missionaries (1880), the "Queek", the Gitksan as carvers and designers and the dispute over ownership of the Bulkley Canyon c.1900.; TRACK 2: This tape continues with a description of the dispute over the Bulkley Canyon, a Gitksan artist -- Gisemax (sp), other Hazelton incidents, and a story about the group of American miners and adventurers under Mr. Gryder that arrived in Hazelton under the false assumption that gold had been discovered.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0007 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 7 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox remembers her father, Thomas Hankin, his background, his coming to British Columbia (1857) as a Hudson's Bay Company factor and establishing the Hudson's Bay Post at the Skeena-Bulkley junction, his first encounters with the Indians, the song of the "iron kettles", his staking of the town site of Hazelton (1858), the 1870 Manson Creek Goldrush, story of a greenhorn and the naming of Frying Pan Mountain, William Manson and miners drowned in Kitselas Canyon. She continues with Thomas Hankin's business interests, his role in the Masonic order, Constance Cox's education, her step-father -- R.E. Loring, The Inverness Cannery, Thomas Hankin's death, his brothers -- Phillip and Charlie Hankin and the Hudson's Bay Company fur trade. TRACK 2: Constance Cox recounts childhood memories, Simon Gunanoot as a child, the Trail of '98 -- May to October 1898, Cox as nurse and doctor to Indians and 98'ers, stories and incidents, the story of the murder of Sir Arthur Curtis, Tom Hankin Jr. losing cattle on Poison Mountain and patients at the dispensary.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0008 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 8 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: The trail of '98 patients at the Hazelton dispensary and the rescue and nursing of Frank Farling is recalled by Constance Cox. She relates a personal anecdote about a "love letter" and Moosekin Johnny's Restaurant. [TRACK 2: blank.]

CALL NUMBER: T0658:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1963-03-13 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Gus Milliken tells many stories from many different sources about the area around Yale. The first story takes place during the gold rush about a man who sells another man a claim to a mine which turned out to be a gravel mine, not a gold mine. Several other prospecting stories, some of which are fictitious. Early stories about the sternwheelers, including an argument between an engineer and the captain of a steamship; legends about the packer Cataline (Jean Caux); pack mules near Lytton; March 1858; a man named Hill, who discovered the first gold along the Fraser; the first hotels in the area; Joe MacKenzie, an original '58er; Ned Stout; Dewdney Landing; Bill MacKenzie, orchards, the building of the CPR station at Yale; some historical facts about the town of Yale; the first sawmill, first town council and first white male born in BC, Chinese miners and old timers. TRACK 2: Mr. Milliken describes how Yale got its name; its origins as a fort in 1846; the Hudson's Bay Company; the first buildings in Yale, L.T. Hill as the first person to discover gold in 1858; the relationship between the Hudson's Bay Company and San Francisco; the original Fort Hope, the people who worked in the first gold mines, activity in the area as it was being established, the first post office in 1916, Hope as a gold mining town; prospectors who had to move on to other places because all of the land had been staked; a dynamite plant; other early homes.

CALL NUMBER: T0658:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1963-03-13 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Milliken continues describing Andrew Onderdonk, who was "supposed to have built the railway but who was in fact the engineer". He describes the American company that paid for the building of the railway from Emory to beyond Yale. He discusses the construction of the railway; the first roads in the area; Indian trails in the area, including Douglas Portage and how Mr. Yale named it; he describes Mr. Yale; gold in Rock Creek; the Kettle Valley and the Canadian National Railroad [sic]; mills in the area; the Hope-Nicola trail and other trails.

Series consists of correspondence inward, reminiscences, diary of a trip through the Cariboo to Stuart Lake (1913); research notes and drafts of Howay and Scholefield's History of British Columbia.

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1963-02-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Joseph Morrison talks about the early years of Fort Langley from 1860 to 1890. Born at Fort Yale in 1861 [sic]. His father, Kenneth Morrison, came west via Edmonton. Buildings at Fort Langley. His grandfather, Ovid Allard, was Chief Factor. The steamboat "Fort Yale" blows up in 1861. Miners bound for Cariboo. Job on CPR construction. Indians living near Fort Langley. Visits of Judge Begbie and Sir James Douglas. Farms; school at the fort; more on the "Fort Yale". Arrival of fur brigades in the spring; celebrations. [TRACK 2: blank.]

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0001
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Martin Starret, born July 17, 1888, describes his family background, starting with his maternal grandfather, Captain Henry Smith. His grandmother's family name was Stevens. He describes a trip with his uncle, C.V. Smith, to Hazelton in 1909 to learn the fur trade. He discusses a shipment consisting of seventy tons of alcohol for a man called Blackjack MacDonald. He offers a description of Hazelton and his first recollections upon landing there including specific people and events. He discusses his mother and his father, born in 1850 in Brampton Ontario, who was a surveyor. His father also mined gold with a man named Metcalf, and Jack Kerkup who later became the Gold Commissioner at Rossland. His father and a man named Flood, who was from Woodstock Ontario, and a man named Corrigan went from Hope to Skagit in Washington to mine gold. He describes their adventures on the trail to Skagit. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues with the story. One of the men began to miss a few things out of his bag such as salt and bacon. The man accused was a Chinese miner and he was required to cut off his hair to be set free. His father returned to Silver Creek, a couple of miles below Hope. Mr. Starret describes Hope, BC, and its residents in the 1890s. Stories of Bill Bristol who had the contract of cutting cords of wood for the steamboat company for a dollar and a quarter per pile. Bristol was born in Syracuse, NY. He worked in the mines in San Francisco in 1849 and came to Hope in 1858. Mr. Starret describes the naming of Catz Landing, Bristol's Landing and a few more places. Bristol used to carry mail from Westminster to Yale in the season when the boats could not run. More stories about Bristol.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0002
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes cattle drives and cattle trains near Hope in the 1890s. He offers anecdotes about William Yates who was a worker for Hudson's Bay Company, the man for which Yates Street in Victoria is named. He describes work at the Whitworth Ranch in the Skagit Valley in 1907, a man named Bob Hume who claimed that he was the first white man born in BC, who also worked there. Hume told Mr. Starret the story of Simon Gun-an-noot, an Indian outlaw who killed two white men in Hazelton, including Alec MacIntosh, in October 1907. Gun-an-noot eventually gave himself up because there were no witnesses. Starret tells stories of the famous packer Cataline, whose real name was Jean Caux, and discusses Cataline's drinking habits. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells a story about Cataline taking the horseshoes off a horse who was carrying eggs, so that the horse's feet would get sore and he would walk lightly, so as not to break any eggs. More anecdotes about Cataline. Steve Tingley was an old timer who owned a ranch and his wife was killed on a horse. Stories about other packers and old timers such as Ned Stout, Bob Steveson, and John Allway who died in September 1908. He discusses W.W. Walkem who wrote about the first Fraser River bars, and mentions a man named Pete Toye. Mr. Starret offers anecdotes about his mother's experience as a school teacher, and a hike with his father to Eureka mine near Silver Creek in 1897.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0003
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret discusses early white settlers in the Babine Lake region. Stories about Walter Williscroft who lived outside Hazelton, and had to turn back along a trail to find his dog. A story about contractor Duncan Ross and his dealings with a Chinese blacksmith. A packing contest which a Mongolian won. A story of the "Bell Mare", an Indian woman who carried a bell and when the bell would ring the horses would think there was another horse up ahead and rush to get there. Mr. Starret offers a detailed description of packing methods. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret discusses early settlers at Hope in 1900: Yates, Alvarez and Wardel. Feed for the horses was the biggest drawback of Hope. The benefits of Hope from a geographical point of view. Hazelton got busy in 1910 because of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Men from Ontario seemed to be best adjusted to life out west. More on Hope. A story of Bill Miner, a famous train robber and a Robin Hood type figure, who was also a prospector. After one train robbery, Bill Miner rode a split-hoofed horse from the scene; the police tracked the horse and caught Miner in 1903. More stories about Miner and his generosity. Mines in the area are overviewed. A description of the survey of Allison Pass in 1906.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0004
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with his story about surveying Allison Pass near Princeton around 1905/1906. He describes the Whitworth Ranch in the Skagit Valley in 1907 at the time of a gold strike. He mentions several prospectors and discusses how Indians burned off the sides of the mountains to create easier passage to Gibson Pass. Whitworth lived in the Skagit Valley from 1903 to 1910. More stories about prospecting for gold around Yale and taking up land and prospecting at Stuart Lake. He describes what kind of man a prospector is: an optimist. The weather around Hope and how it affects the people working. The "Mill Run" around Hope is a ditch which runs at the foot of the mountain for irrigation. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues with more on Hope. He describes the school at Hope with stories about families such as the Bears, how the children dressed, and stories about what the day consisted of. Mr. Starret offers other childhood memories such as milking cows, learning to hunt, sapping trees, a particularly harsh winter, and life in the summer as a child.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0005
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with more stories about growing up in Hope in the 1890s, such as planting potatoes, riding horses, getting water for his mother with his brother Bill, turning hay and swimming. Then he tells a story about going up to the Nicola country to turn hay with his brother when he was twenty-one. He eventually got a job for Harry Gibbs at the Babine Salmon Hatchery in 1911. He tells a story about ordering a pipe to repair a leak and life at the hatchery that summer. Mr. Starret describes how flat boats took supplies all over the province. Mr. Starret tells the Indian (Babine Tribe, Stuart Lake Tribe) story about the legendary figure Astace and the creation of the Skeena River, as it was told to him. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues with his narrative about the origin of the Skeena River. Mr. Starret describes the landscape around Hazelton and the Skeena River. He discusses the differences in how white people and Indians treat their animals, such as pack dogs and horses. He talks about native people greeting Father Nicholas Coccola at Babine, and the schools, people and reserves in the area.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0006 track 1
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret discusses boats: every boy knew how to row; all the fishing boats passing through Hope to get to Westminster; and native people's boats. More on mining in the area and the origins of names of places in the Hope region, with a description of the geography and people. He supposes that Hope was established before Yale and offers an explanation as to why. Soon after Yale became a more significant town. Mr. Starret tells stories of crossing lakes with Indians as guides. [end of 1963 interview]

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0006 track 2
RECORDED: Silver Creek (B.C.), 1964-07-02
SUMMARY: TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells stories about Bill Bristol, a mail carrier from New Westminster to Yale, who employed an Indian crew to work with him. Mr. Starret describes Bristol's physical appearance and the way he acted. Mr. Starret tells a story Bristol told him about Mr. Starret's father as a young prospector who discovered a lead near Hope. More stories about Bristol.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0007
RECORDED: Silver Creek (B.C.), 1964-07-02
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes Bill Bristol's daughter, Maisie, who was sent to a private boarding school in Hope; she later married an old sailor named Bears and had six or seven children, all boys but one. He discusses Bristol's death in early winter 1909/1910. Mr. Starret offers anecdotal material about residents of Hope in the 1890s, such as Mrs. Flood (a school teacher), and physical features of Hope, such as the characteristics of picket fences. Mr. Starret offers further description of the Babine region while he lived there from October 1909: the Hudson's Bay posts and activities such as fur trading, the gold rush on McConnell Creek in 1908, stories of old timers; stories of getting into the area along the Fraser River and Dewdney Trail; more about the geography around Babine; mail carriers and what was involved in such an enterprise, a story about an old time prospector named Jim May who worked on Tom Creek and more old timers. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret talks about trading posts on the Skeena; the Babine Indians and times they had been attacked, raids, and a story an Indian woman told his mother about catching a wolverine. Mr. Starret tells an involved story of a trip he took one spring near Hazelton to locate a homestead, and experiences with Indians, including detailed geography. Then he tells the story of a journey to Round Lake to look at some land for his uncle which was being sold, including characters he met along the way and some geography.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0008
RECORDED: Silver Creek (B.C.), 1964-07-02
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret tells a story about 'Blaze' Rogers who blazed all the roads around Hazelton, and trips around the Babine region in all kinds of weather. Stories about life with his uncle, C.V. Smith, in Hazelton in 1909, including stories his uncle had told him about the Indians at Babine. [TRACK 2: blank.]

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0009
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes the landscape and roads around Hope in 1900 by comparing it to what it is like in 1964. In his description, he offers several anecdotes including one about a Chinese man who died, Cariboo Joe Tunnel near Chapman, a dig of ninety feet below water to get to bedrock, men, Bill and Joe Lapworth and the Johnson family, who worked on the railway at Hope Station when he was a child in the 1890s, and stories involving the boat that the Johnson family used to get to school. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues his stories about the boat in which the family thought one of their uncles had died, but he returned. Mr. Starret describes the first roads built in the 1870s at Hope which went around the lake to Chilliwack, and the first settlements he can remember including Jones Hill, and names of local Indian reserves. Mr. Starret tells the story of how Catz Landing got its name by Captain John Irving and the story of Murderer's Bar in 1858. Stories of old timer Manuel Alvarez, who was from Chile and married an Indian woman, and his eldest son Tom Alvarez, and the first mail carriers in the area. The history of mail carrier Bill Bristol including his real first name, events in his life, land given to him as a wood yard, his route from Westminster to Yale until the railway came in 1885.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0010
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: More stories about Bill Bristol and how he used to canoe to Yale before the road was built, and how he disliked paddling downstream. As a testament to Bristol's faithfulness as a mail carrier, he was given a watch with an inscription when he retired. Anecdotes about Steve Tingley who worked for the Barnard Express. Mr. Starret tells a story about the log cabin in the Otter Valley where Ed Tingley (Steve's nephew) lived. Mr. Starret learned to dance there in 1905. More on Bill Bristol and his problems taking a canoe upstream. More stories told to Mr. Starret by Bill Bristol, such as a bear shooting a man in a tree in Tete Jeune Cache during the gold rush. He describes the area where he believes Simon Fraser first landed. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells the story of a Hudson's Bay company worker named Greenwood, the man whom Greenwood Island is named after, and a story of Mr. Yates who was a clerk in the 1880s. Stories of reactions to the first telephone in the area, followed by a description of Mr. Yates and more stories about him. Mr. Starret describes the development of Hope and the migration route. He discusses cattle drives on the Yale road, and the need to burn timber to create land to feed the cattle in the 1860s.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0011
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with more on cattle drives near Hope in the 1890s including how the cowboys dressed. Mr. Starret discusses the layout of Hope from his earliest memories, his family's ranch outside of Hope, old timers, the mill at Hope, and wagons used at the time. He describes the oldest hard rock mine in BC, which is nine miles outside of Hope, mined in the 1860s and called Silver Creek, and the trails nearby. The twenty-mile belt-line from Silver Creek to the railroad was built in 1906 by a man who died on the Titanic. Mr. Starret describes sporting events in the area, such as the horse races on May 24th. He tells a story of how sixteen-year-old Luke Gibson, of the Chilliwack Gibson family, was racing a horse whose leg broke in the race. More stories about race-day and killing a bear in Hope. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells a story about waiting for a steamboat and he mentions several characters in Hope such as Mr. Wardel. More on Murderer's Bar and the river nearby, the Walkum family and their land on Murray Creek; a ditch that collapsed and killed some Indians; Hope Mountain and the surrounding landscape. Mr. Starret offers his first impressions of Silver Creek and stories of how ore was discovered in the 1860s; Hugh Stoker was one of the first investors. A description of the mountains, Silver Peak and Holy Cross, and how they were named. Mr. Starret describes a hike up to the Eureka Mine with his father and his neighbor Fred Bears in August 1897, including details of the supplies they brought with them, plants they encountered such as hemlock bark, the campsite, the trail they traveled, and a stump they encountered which had a mark in it (which was still there when he revisited 50 years later).

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0012
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with his story up to the Eureka Mine with details of the meals they ate, more on the forks and geography of the trail, the cabin at the mine, dynamite and how to light it, spending the night in the cabin, morning at the cabin, the trail to the Victoria mine, Fred slipping on the hard snow, finding crystallized quartz and copper ore, searching out the Eureka tunnel, going home and details about Fred Bears. Mr. Starret discusses other camping trips and other thoughts looking back on the Eureka trip. He discusses how his father spent time looking for an ore vein, and the differences in the smells from a hay field to the timbers of the mountains. Mr. Starret discusses other mountains and roads near the Mr. Starret ranch. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret discusses weather: clouds on the mountains as compared to those in the northern interior, and a story about a dance and a hard snowfall of four feet, eight inches. Mr. Starret tells a story about being afraid of animals at night and details of beds, bedding, night clothes and customs when he was a child. He offers insight into freedoms and restrictions of his life as a child, such as what would be eaten for breakfast and the tap used for water.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0013
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues describing a typical day of what life was like in Hope as a boy in the 1890s: his father would get up and light a fire first thing in the morning and make coffee, shoes they wore as compared to shoes of the 1960s, feeding the chickens and ducks, and breakfast. Mr. Starret digresses and discusses his father's eating customs and his appearance, and Mr. Starret's impressions of his father when he was a child. Mr. Starret then discusses his mother's appearance, and her life as a teacher. Mr. Starret describes what life was like while he lived alone on the ranch with his father while his mother taught in Victoria. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells a story about when he and his brother Will were working on a ranch in September 1909 when his mother asked one of the boys to join her in a trip to Hazelton to stay with her brother. Mr. Starret joined his mother and explains details about the trip and what Hazelton was like in 1909, when he was twenty-one, his uncle's home, stories about what his life was like in the area, and traveling in the winter to establish a ranch.

CALL NUMBER: T1042:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1965-10-31 SUMMARY:

TRACK 1: Mr. Bill Ferrier came to Canada from Scotland in 1910 to visit his sister in Victoria when he was 20 years old. He describes working in the East on his way out to Victoria; various jobs including working for a vet in Victoria and as a gun toter in a carnival and building a poultry farm; a three-year contract as a transport boss for the HBC at Babine; travel from Hazelton to Babine by dog team; his experiences in Hazelton; experiences with the local people including the packer Cataline (Jean Caux) and what life was like there; the Babine hatchery, poor fish hatchers; A.C. Murray, who; was the old factor at the HBC Fort at Fort St. James, and the hierarchy of the surrounding forts; jobs he worked at in Fort St. James; more on fishing and life at the hatchery from 1922 to 1928; how he got his dogs, and how he learned to use the dogs on a dog team. TRACK 2: Mr. Ferrier continues by describing Barney Mulvaney on the Babine Trail, Mary L. Jobe, delivering freight with schooners and other vessels on the Skeena River, fur packing and missionaries.

CALL NUMBER: T1042:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1965-10-31 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Ferrier describes Father Coccola and Father Woolfe in detail; Christmas celebrations; Native Indians; Martin Starret and his relationship with Indians, and the story of how Ferrier met Starret in 1913; anecdotes about Starret and Ferrier's experiences together; more on the Babine area; the HBC post at Babine; Fort St. James and the HBC post there; A.C. Murray and his family. [TRACK 2;: blank.]

SUMMARY: "Voyage Of Two Summer Moons" contains excerpts from David Thompson's "Narrative of the Expedition to the Sources of the Columbia River and the Kootenay and the Flatbow Indian Countries", 1807. There i;s also a modern-day re-tracing of Thompson's route by Imbert Orchard and Peter Haworth, made in 1972. This documentary combines narratives from both these journeys. The second part of the program is "The Selfish Giant", a chamber opera by Canadian composer Charles Wilson, based on the story by Oscar Wilde. [Note: This portion of the broadcast is missing.]

CALL NUMBER: T3960:0001 RECORDED: Hudson's Hope (B.C.), 1981-03-24 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Born New Denver, B.C. Family background. Childhood in Kootenays, Vancouver, Prince George and Hudson's Hope. First house. School history (Vancouver). Cultural and sports activities. Holiday celebrations. In 1905, father took up coal leases (in Peace River Region). Travelled from Prince George to Hudson's Hope by boat -- a week on the river. Father did assessment in the area. Description of Hudson's Hope and area. Fort St. John was three-day journey away. Schools. Police. Local Indians. [TRACK 2: blank.]

CALL NUMBER: T3960:0002 RECORDED: Hudson's Hope (B.C.), 1981-03-24 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Postmistress in Hudson's Hope for 20+ years, starting 1943. Mail delivery. Post office was in her house. Social gatherings. Stores: Revillon Freres and Hudson's Bay. Father had first coal mine; log buildings; used horses to haul coal. At the peak (after Alaska Highway opened), there were 15 people there. Hauled coal in winter. Other coal mines in area. Other mining and trapping. Local place names. Impact of WWI, the Depressions, WW2. Travels to sanitorium in Michigan. Alaska Highway. [TRACK 2: blank.]

The item is an audio recording produced for the Provincial Archives' Sound Heritage Series under contract. In "Travellers of the North", Martin Starret tells the stories of the bold and tough-minded men who travelled the communications routes of northern British Columbia. Pioneer mailmen, packers, priests and fur traders are among the characters described. The program is based on interviews with Martin Starret recorded in 1963-1964.

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-28 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Tommy Wycotte discusses his early work as a labourer, cowboy and teamster. He also talks about Indian medicine, fighting between Indian bands, hunting and gathering in hard times, the origin of the name Williams Lake, and the Sugarcane Reserve.

TRACK 2: Wycotte continues by discussing animals and hunting, his knowledge of the pre-Christian religion, the fur trade, and negative aspects of Indian drinking habits.

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1965-10-25 SUMMARY: Mr. Tommy Lick discusses the status of the Indian reservation; selling or trading salmon and furs in Kamloops; salmon in the river; French settlers in the Cariboo; the barn at Spences Bridge; Indian names and languages; status of the reservation Indians; chiefs and priests; broken promises to Indians.

CALL NUMBER: T0423:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Thomas "Tom" Carolan discusses various aspects of settlement and life in the Cariboo, 1850 to 1930. The interview begins with the story of William Pinchbeck, Cariboo pioneer. Stories follow about Amadie Isnardy; Mexican packers and the pack trains; Antonio Boitano; the Chilco Ranch area; the local history of the Cariboo; his perceptions of Native people; and the television series "Cariboo Country". Carolan discusses his own background in Alberta and hunting wild horses in the Cariboo, circa 1927. He tells stories about the famous packer Jean Caux ("Cataline"), the Tressiera family, and Rosetti.

TRACK 2: Carolan continues his stories about packers and Cataline. He describes fiddlers in the Cariboo; Johnny MacLean and the MacLean brothers; hangings in Williams Lake; Judge Begbie's justice; Charlie Skinner; the James railway survey circa 1870; more on William Pinchbeck; and the Cache Creek boarding school. Mr. Carolan discusses settlers entering the Chilcotin and the China Flats; and Chinese miners. He mentions Becher's place at Riske Creek; the Bryant family; and the hurdy-gurdy girls.

CALL NUMBER: T0423:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Carolan describes dances at the big ranches and changes in the Cariboo after WWI. Then he describes cattle in the Cariboo; Amedee Isnardy of Chimney Creek Ranch; the importance of Barkerville; and law and order. Mr. Carolan describes ranchers and ranches of the Chilcotin; the Harper family; Alkali Lake Ranch; Canoe Creek Ranch; Henry Koster; and Upper Dog Creek Ranch. Then he discusses the Big Bar area; raising pigs; and ranches on Chilcotin River.

TRACK 2: The final installment begins with a description of roads in the Chilcotin; Benny Franklin; the ways of the pioneers; Mr. Carolan's family background; and a discussion of Hudson's Bay company activities in the early 1800s. Fur trade routes are mentioned as well as Hudson's Bay Company posts at Anahim Lake. Finally, Pat McClinchy, an old timer of the western Chilotin; the Lee family; John Cook, a Gulf Island pioneer; and children of white/Indian parentage are discussed.

Program elements (narration, actualities, "text", etc.) for Imbert Orchard's two-part CBC radio documentary. "The Riverboys and the Fur Traders" is the story of a river journey made in 1971 by the First Fort George Scout Troop. The scouts were retracing the route followed by Simon Fraser in 1806, and (in part) by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793 -- from McLeod Lake to the Fraser via the Parsnip, Pack and McGregor Rivers.

SUMMARY: "The Bush and the Salon" was a CBC radio series that recreated early Canadian life from letters, diaries and other sources. This episode, "A Minor Incident", by Edward Stidder, is an account of the ea;rly years of James Douglas (later the Governor of the Colony of British Columbia). Peter Haworth plays Sir James Douglas and Ted Stidder plays Chief Kwah. Other actors include Sam Payne, Walter Marsh,; Peg Dixon, Graham Crowl, Joe Austin, Jack Anthony, Terence Kelly, Jack Hammond, Merv Campone, Wayne Robson, and Hagan Beggs.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton describes his father Erasmus Levelton from Norway, Rev. Christian Saugstad, Mr. Clayton who was the HBC Factor in Bella Coola (1895), the Indians that were taken to Germany in 1890, Philip Jacobsen, the journey from Minnesota to Bella Coola, by-laws of the colony, the division of lots and the clearing of the land, a flood, involvement with Indians and whisky, more on the colonists, the Saugstad family, and the family's arrival in Bella Coola in 1895. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton continues with more on the arrival of the family, Captain Meyers, Philip Jacobsen and his father-in-law Capt. Thorsen, the first colonist was born at Bella Coola in 1898, farming, clearing land and wages, John Clayton and his family, Leach's Bridge, Walter Williscroft and bridges, Levelton's home as; a stopover for travelers, schools at Hagensborg, and Christmas activities.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the strength of Ole Saugstad, Rev. Saugstad's death, the church at Hagensborg, Hans Sogang, Karls Kristoffsen, Tolgar Olsen, and bear stories. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton discusses the Bella Coola town site, flooding dangers, an investigation by Premier T.D. Pattullo, proposed construction being interrupted by WWI, the moving of the town site in 1925, how the Indians had to move after a flood in 1936, how the town site expanded in 1937, John Clayton and the HBC post, fur traders and settlers, Anahim Indians, Charlie West, and stories of strong women.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley - the Indians SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the Indians who were employed to take freight to Hagensborg, spoon canoes and their excellent maneuverability, Indian villages (including those at Hagensborg, Burnt Bridge, Noo Secule [?], and Stuie), White Water a.k.a. Talchako, more descriptions of Indian villages, Chief Klukamut's death in 1889, Rev. William Henry Pierce (the first missionary who came from Port Essington in 1882) and Indian raids, Indian houses, building a fire including techniques, more on houses, cooking, eulachon grease, and wooden axes. TRACK 2: More on eulachon grease and wooden boxes, the clothing of Indians and HBC blankets, Indian dances at longhouses, the "Hao-Hao bird", sports at the May 24th celebration, the Clemnaman boys and feats of strength, the area covered by the Indian ;Agency (Rivers Inlet to Prince Rupert), and education including the story of a school teacher.

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton offers a story of a school superintendent who was visiting a local school, an example of a "silent streak", teachers in the Bella Coola Valley, the Indian reserve at Bella Bella ;and the boundary disputes, the arrival of George Darby in 1914, nurse Ida Morgan, a story of Dr. Darby and Morgan falling asleep in church, no education available for Indians, the Ootsa Lake rush from 1906-1910, more on land disputes including those at Ootsa Lake and Anahim Lake, and the 53rd parallel. [TRACK 2: Blank.]

The item is a documentary film made April 30, 1958. The pictures and anecdotes recall some of B.C.'s early explorers and fur traders.

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1965-08-08 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Grant talks about Qualicum Tom; his father, Robert Grant, establishing the mill in Cumberland for Dunsmuir; mine explosions at Cumberland; his father, Robert Grant; the Cumberland mill. ; Mr. Grant moved to Clayoquot, Stubbs Island in 1927 and operated a store. He describes life in the area; the telegraph line; sea lions; transportation; W.T. Dawley's general stores; fur trading; Dawley's Hotel and George Nicholson. TRACK 2: Mr. Grant describes the changes in Clayoquot from 1930 to 1960; Betty Farmer; the Gibson family from Ahousat-Matilda Creek; local characters; Zeballos; prospectors; a local murder; 24th of May celebrations; Grant and pelt trading incidents.

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Percy Hance talks about some aspects of life around Hanceville in the Chilcotin, 1870 to 1920. Mr. Hance tells the story of how his father, Orlando Thomas Hance, came to the Chilcotin, started a store, took up land, built a mill and met his wife, Percy's mother. Hance discusses Indians in the area, a story about George Meyers, his father's fur trade and his store. Mr. Hance describes other early ranches in Chilcotin, Becher's at Riske Creek, Christmas in Hanceville, winters, childhood, names of settlers in the area, a story about a remittance man, round-ups, and changes in range land.

TRACK 2: Mr. Hance describes cattle, dances and social events. Then Hance discusses driving the mail, Indians at Anahim Lake and at Hanceville, cattle drives to Ashcroft. Finally, Mr. Hance describes how he used to keep the jail, and law and order in Chilcotin.

SUMMARY: A program about the Hudson's Bay Company fort at Fort St. James, and its archaeological excavation and restoration by the National Historic Sites Service. Also includes some recollections of early days at the fort. Voices heard are: Lizette Hall, Annie Rottacker, Bill Ferrier, Martin Starret, Laurence Dickenson, Ron Harris, and George Ingram.

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1965-11-08 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Micky Derickson talks about Indians in the Okanagan area, 1858 to 1915. He discusses his early life including family details; how he came to the Okanagan in 1910; people in the Westbank; area; a coddling moth problem in 1915; hard times; recollections of Chief Tomat of the Westbank reserve; his great-grandfather William Lewis Peone; comments on Kelowna area history; travels of William Peone; more on Chief Tomat and his recollections; the Allison family; Okanagan brigade trail route; a shooting of a policeman; orchards near Westbank; memories of journeys north from the U.S. with Nez Perce Indians to pick hops at Coldstream Ranch. TRACK 2: Mr. Derickson discusses the pronunciations and meaning of various Indian place names; John Ashnola; the naming of Skaha Lake; the Coldstream Ranch during hop picking; details of travel; farming; McLoughlin's Canyon Massacre in 1858; raids between Shuswap and Okanagan Indians; an incident at McIntyre Bluff; and the finding of a carcass of a strange animal on the beach.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0014
SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Martin Starret and Dick Lattie
RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1966
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with his story about his arrival in Hazelton in October 1909 on the steamboat. He offers a detailed account of what Hazelton was like, including the stores there and their locations. He talks of pack horses and specific mule trains such as that of Cataline and George Burns. Mr. Starret offers his impressions of Hazelton as he and Mr. Orchard look over the town; he compares Hazelton in 1909 to [1966]. Dick Lattie, born 1895, talks about his life in Hazelton, and he and Mr. Starret recall when they first met in the fall of 1912. Mr. Starret and Mr. Lattie recall leading the Bell Mare pack train to Manson Creek with pipe for the miners. Mr. Lattie cooked and served food for the pack train. Mr. Lattie describes the trail from Hazelton along Babine Road, over the hills to Manson Creek where the miners were mining gold. He describes Manson Creek as it was. The miners there including a Chinese man named Packtrain Joe. Ferrying mules across Takla Lake; Ned Charleston's pack trains; and working for Cataline. TRACK 2: Mr. Lattie continues, discussing: pack trains, the Indian village before Hazelton was founded, where the first white settlements were and how the Indians moved to reservations.The first white man in the area was Charlie Humans [sp?] who moved there to start a store. Mr. Starret describes an Indian chief who had a lot of power, the first one who had a pole carved on the Hazelton reserve. Mr. Lattie discusses the towns in the area before Hazelton was founded and the white people came, and Indian chiefs and their homes. Mr. Lattie discusses trade between the people of Babine and Hazelton; instruments used in ceremonial dances; and the songs used in the ceremonies.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0015
RECORDED: [location unknown], [196-]
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret discusses a 1909 trip on a Union Steamship vessel, the "Camosun", from Vancouver through Alert Bay to Prince Rupert to meet his mother at Metlakatla. The boys waiting at the dock could not read but bought news papers so as to look educated. Mr. Starret discusses boat travel during fall rains. He offers anecdotes about things that happened on the boat, including a story about a man who was looking for the saloon on the boat and the story of his hardships as told to Mr. Starret. Mr. Starret describes his experience upon landing in Prince Rupert, and the process of getting to Metlakatla and reuniting with his mother. Mr. Starret describes his experiences in Metlakatla, including people's names, a description of the town, and a meeting with Captain Irving. He describes the geography. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret discusses another four-day steamboat trip from Port Essington, up the Skeena River to Hazelton. He describes some of the passengers, including Blackjack McDonald, the cargo (70 tons of liquor for a hotel), the boat itself, the Captain's notion of shallow and deeper water, the condition of the boats, the crew, a character named Turley Hambley who established Hambley's Landing, what staterooms and dining saloons were like on board, the steerage accommodations, Captain Jackman, the scenery, Fred Daniels, and more on the passengers.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0016
RECORDED: [location unknown], [196-]
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret tells the story of his mother; how she came to Hope at age sixteen to teach school and married his father a year and a half later. Eventually the ranch at Hope was not generating enough money to support the family, so she left with the three children (other than Martin) to teach all over the province. In January 1909, she went to Metlakatla to teach. Mr. Starret discusses people in the [northern BC] area, including Simon Gun-an-noot, other Indians and relationships with Indians. He discusses his experience attending South Park School in Victoria, and never feeling comfortable among the city kids there, and other aspects of his education. He describes his mother's physical appearance, ability as a teacher, her relationship with Martin and his brother, her ability as a fur trader (Fort St. James offered more money for fur than Fort Babine), and her retirement back to the ranch in Hope. Mr. Starret describes the location his uncle's home in Hazelton and the old original miners' cabins before the railroad came through. Mr. Starret tells a story about a time he dug potatoes and wheeled them across town for his uncle. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret describes what Hazelton looked like and what kind of place it was when he first arrived. One feature that distinguished it from other frontier towns was that it had warehouses. He describes the surrounding country and his experiences there, gardening techniques attuned to the landscape and climate, Hazelton's place along the Skeena River, a description of the buildings and their construction, the geography of Fort Babine, and salmon as the staple food of the Indians there. Mr. Starret then describes the town of Burns Lake and the people who lived there.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0017
RECORDED: [location unknown], [196-]
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes his uncle Charles Victor Smith's house in Hazelton which was built by Indians. He goes on to discuss the life of C.V. Smith, including several life stories such as how he came to live in Hazelton. C.V. Smith took over his father's tug boat, until his eyesight began to fail him before he was forty years old. Smith decided to go into the fur business. He began by opening a shop and eventually moved to Hazelton in 1904. Mr. Starret discusses Smith's family including his two daughters. Mr. Starret tells a story about a trip to Babine with his uncle with mention to several Babine natives, attitudes of the Indians, interactions with Indians and details of a pack train. Indians based a storekeepers wealth by how much sugar he kept in stock, C.V. Smith had two hundred pounds on the same boat load which carried Blackjack's liquor. The idea was not to compete with Hudson's Bay Company, but to attract trappers. Mr. Starret tells a story about an Indian packer named Alfred Danes. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret describes how his mother was under the impression that Indians in the north were wild. She was worried about her brother until he assured her that the Indians were the easiest people to get along with in British Columbia. Several anecdotes about how Indians are easy to get along with are offered. Mr. Starret describes a saddle horse trip to Babine with his mother and uncle including the supplies they brought, camping equipment, cooking, the weather, the Indians they were with, anecdotes about the trip, and his mother's stiffness on the trail.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0018
RECORDED: [location unknown], [196-]
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes in great detail the pack trail near Hazelton which was laid out by ex-Governor Dewdney from the goldfields of Babine Lake, through Fort St. James to Manson Creek; including reasons why the trail follows the course it does. Mr. Starret discusses the details surrounding C.V. Smith's trading post at Babine Village including details about local Indians and living conditions. He describes the log house in which the trading post was located and its furniture. Mr. Starret tells a story of the mail carrier Jim Williams who worked at the Babine Hatchery, whose wife lived in Babine Village; and a gift he bought her of a musical clock, and a story of her giving birth to a child which died two days later. Mr. Starret discusses Williams' reaction and the reaction of others in the community. Mr. Starret continues with more on his uncle's trading post and a night when an Indian spent the night with Smith and Mr. Starret's Aunt Agnes. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret discusses Carrier Indians in the Hazelton/Babine region and their church attendance. A church bell would ring and wherever anyone was, they would take off their hats and pray, and then resume work. Mr. Starret discusses the hygiene of the Indians and their living conditions. Mr. Starret describes C.V. Smith including his character and habits with the use of anecdotes. Mr. Starret believes that Smith's stubbornness was what made him successful; and he was a religious man who attended church. Mr. Starret discusses his own reasons for not attending church. Mr. Starret describes Smith's physical appearance including his posture, he always wore a Stetson hat and he would never drink. Mr. Starret describes his aunt Agnes Smith whose father was a coal miner also named Smith. Mr. Starret describes his cousin Clara Smith who was born at Moodyville and offers some stories about her. More on his uncle and how children did not like him. Mr. Starret offers his first impressions of Father Nicholas.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0019
RECORDED: [location unknown], [196-]
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret offers his impressions of the Carrier Indians as he knew them in the early 1900s: their concentration skills and the ways in which they were brought up, Father Coccola sermonizing; about pre-marital relations, eating in church, religion and superstition. Mr. Starret offers several anecdotes about Father Coccola's interactions with Indians and a story about Father Dominic of Babine Lake who was an Indian that learned commerce from white men. Mr. Starret tells a story about the Father asking Indians "what hell is". Mr. Starret tells a story of Coccola as a young man who never thought he would be a priest, and stories about his old age. The Indian congregations at church in Babine and Stuart Lakes, the men and women sat separately. The Babine tribe consisted of two hundred and twenty-five people at that time and he discusses his feelings about Babine and Fort Connolly. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret describes his daily life at Babine Post: he begins with someone coming into the store to buy sugar and daily chores before getting into specifics such as an interaction with an Indian who tried to cheat him, another story about an Indian woman who came into the store with Hudson's Bay coupons, trading posts, Fort Thompson and the three families there. Mr. Starret relates tall stories as told to him by Eli Ferguson, who was an old timer who had several jobs and skills: an amusing tale about a time before horses were used, when people used oxen to pull yokes. There was a man plowing one morning with a side hill plow but the story is cut short.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0020
RECORDED: [location unknown], [196-]
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes Fort St. James upon his arrival by canoe: the riverbank, the Hudson's Bay post, the layout of the town, a description of the houses and a few characters there, where the Indians lived in a place called the Rancherie, there was always one priest there. Mr. Starret discusses Father Coccola and his journeys all over the province. Mr. Starret describes his first trip into the Bulkley Valley to Round Lake in April 1911, to survey property for his uncle; including the landscape and characters he encountered. Mr. Starret describes his journey to Ootsa Lake in 1917 to buy fur at the time when Indians were bringing in beaver, including traveling with Father Coccola and having to borrow $2,000.00 from his uncle. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells the story of his uncle who wan;ted Martin to acquire Indian artifacts, one such artifact was Qua's dagger. Mr. Starret describes who Qua was. Mr. Starret tells the story of Sir James Douglas and his relations with the native people. The natives were upset about how he treated them. Douglas was sent to Stuart Lake to be an apprentice to the factor from an eastern post. During the factor's absence, there was trouble between the Indians and white people over the apprehension of a murderer. Eventually Douglas became Sir James Douglas, Governor of British Columbia. The natives became upset with the prices of goods which the Hudson's Bay Post supplied once the goods were shipped by steamboat. Mr. Starret discusses the value and quality of a variety of Hudson's Bay goods and trade with the Indians.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0021
RECORDED: [location unknown], [196-]
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret discusses his belief that Carrier Indians always trusted the priests. Mr. Starret never heard anything negative said by the Carrier Indians about the Church until World War I, when there was a disagreement about discipline. Mr. Starret offers some anecdotes which offer insight into the relationship between the Indians and priests. Mr. Starret discusses and sings a song by A.J. Hamilton which came about around the time of WWI about home-brewed alcohol. Mr. Starret offers his final feelings about the country including the way he would like to remember it such as paddling along in a canoe at night and hearing a loon call. Mr. Starret discusses the attitude of the Indians that all white men are rich. Mr. Starret discusses the attitudes of people in the past as compared to people at the time of the interview. Mr. Starret tells a story of an Indian who was unjustly punished named Francis Prince who was ostracized by the community. There were no white men who were Catholics in the area but Indians were. Mr. Starret believes that priests were fair legal advisors who did not necessarily give favour to white men over Indians. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret offers his opinions on British Columbia and how it is not really a part of Canada. He feels that there is a division at the Rockies and that Americans are like cousins as their money has helped develop Canada. Mr. Starret discusses free trade and his view that British Columbia's way of doing things is the best and he thinks that the Government in BC is the best at the date of this taping. Mr. Orchard and Mr. Starret discuss politics. Mr. Starret prefers working outdoors and he always recognized himself as a Canadian, yet when he first took up land, he had to do it as a British subject, people were not recognized as Canadians in those days. Mrs. Starret, born 1904, describes her life as her father moved from Ontario in 1918 to Burns Lake. She describes her views of Canada and BC as a part of Canada.

CALL NUMBER: T0458:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], [1965?] SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Leonard Hayman recalls life in the Okanagan, 1901 to 1945. He discusses how he came out to the Okanagan Valley in 1901; worked on a ranch near Vernon; worked on CPR steamboats; incident;s on the farm; crews on boats; Indians on the reservation south of Kelowna [Westbank?]; working his way up to captain on steamboats; early days in Kelowna; cows in the streets; drinking in Kelowna; Reverend Thomas Green; an anecdote about Tom Ellis and the church organ in Penticton; and a Pauline Johnson concert. TRACK 2: Mr. Hayman discusses steamboats coming into Penticton; people in Penticton; how Mr. Hayman came to run the ferry across Okanagan Lake; a story of a boat which was wrecked in a storm at night; a man lost on a canoe in the lake; the Okanagan Brigade Trail; running ferries under the government; roads on the west side of the lake; stories about "Wild Goose Bill"; Indians and ferry operations.

CALL NUMBER: T0458:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], [1965?] SUMMARY: TRACK 1: This track begins with an anecdote about Mr. Hayman stealing his own pig; stories about the police; Sam Lee of the Chinese Laundry at Okanagan Landing; a funny story about a minister at Field; pioneer supplies such as flour sacks; stories about Indians; a story about an Indian in court who wanted a receipt for his fine; and a story of a Chinese man who was shot by mistake. TRACK 2: Mr. Hayman offers more stories about a bear shot from a sternwheeler; swimming the lake to see loon eggs; a story of Joe Casorso and an Indian and a cougar skin; Reverend Solly and the burning down of the Naramata church; a new organ in the Penticton church; a story about Tom Ellis and the church organ; Price Ellison; lake ferry problems; how Mr. Hayman took the ferry over; church services; a story a;bout a funeral and poison ivy.

CALL NUMBER: T1038:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-17 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Lawrence Dickinson recalls his journey from Wisconsin and arrival at Francois Lake in 1910, when he was about 15 years old. He describes his journey along the Cariboo Road; stopping in Quesnel Forks to help mine for the winter; the route he had to take to Francois Lake; filing preemptions upon arriving in Francois Lake; joining a survey crew for Swannell company; life as a surveyor ;in the Fort Fraser, Prince George and general Upper Nechako area in 1910. He describes Fort St. James and the HBC post located there in the summer of 1911; the old trails in the area, leisure activities at Fort St. James, and how much everyone enjoyed the area; A.G. Hamilton's trading post in Fort St. James; work he did over the next several winters; how the war disrupted life; his father's trading post at Fort Fraser in 1915; how he and his brother bought out the trading post and went into business for themselves; the kind of people in Fort St. James before the war, including railroad construction men and other old timers; Mr. Murray who was a factor for the HBC and other characters; what makes the area so attractive; the difficulty nowadays at making a living as a trapper; shifts in mining techniques, changes in the Necoslie Valley after WWI; and how Fort St. James continues to be a jumping off point for miners and people of various vocations. TRACK 2: Mr. Dickinson continues how t;he HBC got supplies to their forts; how the war affected business in the area and how the mercury mine boosted the economy; how preemptors could not get good land because companies took all the prime ;real estate.;

CALL NUMBER: T1038:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1971 [summer] SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Dickinson comments on the attitudes of people and various characters in Vanderhoof from his past; anecdotes about gold miners and how the landscape has changed; buildings at Fort St. Jam;es that are no longer standing; how the younger generation is not as reliable as the older generations; the fur trade around Fort St. James and how the local buyers had the monopoly; and a few old timers. TRACK 2: Mr. Dickinson describes traffic going through Fort St. James; changes in the area resulting in growing industry and construction; the rivalry among stores between the HBC and Dickinson and others; placer mining areas; freight service into the Nechako Valley by the HBC, Dickenson's surveying career from 1910 to 1913, including descriptions of places he surveyed; and miscellaneous comments about today's pioneers and industries.;

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-17 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. John Kemp recalls his arrival as a HBC man in Canada and his reasons for coming. He offers a description of his journey through BC to Fort Fraser, the first road into the Interior, his impressions of the Nechako valley in 1911, working with the HBC, a description of Fort St. James as it was in 1911, Father Coccola, his impression of Native Indians, and random thoughts including an anecdote about cooking rice. [TRACK 2: blank.]

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Life of John Kemp PERIOD COVERED: 1909-1972 RECORDED: Fort Fraser (B.C.), 1972 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: John Kemp arrived in Fort Fraser in 1911. He was the brother-in-law of William Bunting, the Hudson's Bay factor at Fort Fraser/Fort St. James, 1909 to 19--. This tape was recorded while Kemp watched slides of his life at Fort Fraser School. [TRACK 2: blank.]

CALL NUMBER: T1041:0001 track 1 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-19 SUMMARY: Mr. J.A.F. Campbell describes coming from Victoria to the Nechako region in 1908 as a schoolboy. He discusses people trading whisky with Indians for furs at that time. He describes life as a surveyor to map northern BC, and transportation at that time by dog sled; caring for the dogs, the dangers of drinking whisky at thirty below zero whilst traveling; traveling with Indians to help; map making as a life-long pursuit; the headquarters at Fort George; the dependence on Indians, although their expertise on the landscape was quite limited; the necessity of never locking cabins so that those in need could always find tools to survive; backpacking to the tops of every mountain to read angles and discover the country; a fire that started in Quesnel and swept through the Vanderhoof area and wiped out the area; and how the opening of the country allowed moose to migrate into the country. Mr. Campbell discusses what a 'typical' adventure was like and the routine of a typical day as a surveyor; the necessity of taking your time and being careful; backpacking or using rivers when there was no trail; how the only animal to fear was a grizzly bear; and how no rifles were brought on trips. Mr. Campbell recalls how he observed Fort George growing from three people to 18,000 people and how this happened, including the first boats to arrive; what Fort George was like before the war; all the drunks in the bars; the red light district; the first woman there; the first church; an anecdote about how the church felt about the red light district, and the response to their views; an anecdote about and old-timer woman named Margaret Seymour who used to drink the Fraser River water; an old timer named Charlie Miller who left $100,000 in his will for the woman who had the most children within ten years; and anecdotes about him as a real character.

CALL NUMBER: T1041:0001 track 2 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-19 SUMMARY: Mr. Campbell outlines what the Hudson's Bay post was like at Fort McLeod at that time, consisting of two wooden buildings separated by fifty feet, how the post wanted to keep white people out of the country, how they would accept no cheques, stories about the employees and how they married Indian wives to legally buy fur for them, and how the HBC clerks lived. He describes Babine Lake and mining in the area, the purchasing of the Indian reserve where Prince George was eventually built, the purchasing of land at that time and the development of sawmills in October 1909, and the subsequent boom of mills in Prince George. He discusses the Concord stages, which were very comfortable if you tend not to get seasick, and how they worked road houses and their bars and customs; a description of stage coaches and sleighs. Finally, Mr. Campbell describes characters on his survey parties.

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1955 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. James Bacon Knowles discusses the development of Kelowna from 1905; the coming of the railways; aquatic associations; the water supply; ferry service; the civic centre and city parks. TRACK 2: Mr. Knowles discusses the first white men in the Okanagan in 1811; details of their travels; the Okanagan brigade trail; fur trading in the area; mining around Rock Creek; Father Pandosy and the first white settlement in the valley; other early settlers; transportation; land development; Mr. Knowles' arrival in the area; his first impressions of Kelowna in 1905; Kelowna people; orchards in the area; the development of Kelowna; recreation; social life; the Guisachan property at Kelowna and more on Guisachan Ranch.;